Yantz+&+Fata172



Thank you for sending your assignment. Here is the feedback. Please work on the changes and resend the amended ones before 5 Aug 2011.~Siti, 2 Aug 2011 

Leakage reduction may also be an opportunity to improve relations with the public and employees. A leak detection program may be highly visible, encouraging people to think about water conservation.The reduction of commercial losses, while politically and socially challenging, can also improve relations with the public, since some consumers may be reluctant to pay their water bills knowing that many others use services without being billed or being underbilled.
 * Non Revenue Water **


 * __Advantages of NRW reduction, in particular of leakage reduction, include __**
 * financial gains from increased water sales or reduced water production, including possibly the delay of costly capacity expansion;
 * increased knowledge about the distribution system;
 * increased firefighting capability due to increased pressure;
 * reduced property damage; and
 * reduced risk of contamination.


 * __Disadvantages of NRW reduction, in particular of leakage reduction, include __**
 * More Water has been trow-out.
 * Produced more leakages
 * Line pipe system can make a problem.
 * Customer will get low pressure for water supply.
 * State or Federal can’t get profit and benefit
 * Sources of water that limited. Government forced to find new sources of water.

http://www.jalurcahaya.com.my/nrw-def.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-revenue_water

Asalamualaikum... actually, i want to inform you about my team. after the discussion, we have a new member name is Jamilah Bt. Mustafa. his e-mail address is ila_gurlz89@yahoo.com. So, we have three member in my team, Yantz, Fata172 and mila. I'm very sorry and hope you can help and accept my new team. thank you..

**//__ Non revenue water (NRW) __//** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">1. is water that has been produced and is lost before it reaches the customer. Losses can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example through theft or metering inaccuracies). High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities, as well to the quality of water itself. NRW is typically measured as the volume of water "lost" as a share of net water produced. However, it is sometimes also expressed as the volume of water lost per km of water distribution network per day.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">2. The International Water Association (IWA) has developed a detailed methodology to assess the various components of NRW. Accordingly NRW has the following components: § **Unbilled authorized consumption:** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 47.25pt;">can include water used for firefighting or free water distributed at standpipes or provided to religious institutions. § **Apparent losses (water theft and metering inaccuracies):** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 47.25pt;">comprise unauthorized consumption and metering inaccuracies. It is estimated that in Asian cities 50–65% of NRW is due to apparent losses. Unauthorized consumption means illegal use, and this could be (i) sole illegal connections, (ii) illegal connections to properties that also have legal connections, or (iii) illegal connections for the purpose of selling water. Metering inaccuracies can include malfunctioning water meters, estimated water consumption (when meters are not working), and misreading water meters. § **Real losses:** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">comprise leakage from transmission or distribution mains, leakage and overflow from utility storage and balance tanks, and leakage in reticulation systems (especially service connections) up to the point of metering. Experience has shown that most leakage r<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">esults from service connections, and to a large extent this is due to poor construction.
 * 1) **//<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Scope Of Work Provided Under NRW Reduction Project : //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">District Metered Zones (DMZ) design and construction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Pressure Management Area (PMA) design and construction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Active Leakage Detection for below-ground non-visible leaks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Water Balance calculations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Illegal usage survey and detection
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Mapping, verification and updating
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Geographical Information System (GIS) and Digital Mapping services
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Leak Repairs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Hydraulic Modeling
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Improvement and upgrading of District Metered Zones (DMZ)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Maintenance and Servicing of automatic controlled valves – pressure reducing, altitude, constant flow, surge etc.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Water Distribution Management System
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">NRW Assessment and Analysis
 * 1) //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">Benefits of NRW reduction, //<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';"> in particular of leakage reduction, include
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">financial gains from increased water sales or reduced water production, including possibly the delay of costly capacity expansion;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">increased knowledge about the distribution system;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">increased firefighting capability due to increased pressure;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">reduced property damage; and
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">reduced risk of contamination.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;">**//__ Non revenue water (NRW) __//** <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0.5in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">1. is water that has been produced and is lost before it reaches the customer. Losses can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example through theft or metering inaccuracies). High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities, as well to the quality of water itself. NRW is typically measured as the volume of water "lost" as a share of net water produced. However, it is sometimes also expressed as the volume of water lost per km of water distribution network per day.

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0.5in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">2. The International Water Association (IWA) has developed a detailed methodology to assess the various components of NRW. Accordingly NRW has the following components: <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> § **Unbilled authorized consumption:** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif; height: 1px; left: -10000px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;">can include water used for firefighting or free water distributed at standpipes or provided to religious institutions. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> § **Apparent losses (water theft and metering inaccuracies):** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif; height: 1px; left: -10000px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 47.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;">comprise unauthorized consumption and metering inaccuracies. It is estimated that in Asian cities 50–65% of NRW is due to apparent losses. Unauthorized consumption means illegal use, and this could be (i) sole illegal connections, (ii) illegal connections to properties that also have legal connections, or (iii) illegal connections for the purpose of selling water. Metering inaccuracies can include malfunctioning water meters, estimated water consumption (when meters are not working), and misreading water meters. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> § **Real losses:** <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">comprise leakage from transmission or distribution mains, leakage and overflow from utility storage and balance tanks, and leakage in reticulation systems (especially service connections) up to the point of metering. Experience has shown that most leakage r<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';">esults from service connections, and to a large extent this is due to poor construction. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 183px; margin-left: 377px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 38;"> <span style="height: 176px; margin-left: 341px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 39;"> <span style="height: 177px; margin-left: 134px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 151px; z-index: 36;"> <span style="height: 184px; margin-left: 39px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 221px; z-index: 35;"> <span style="height: 175px; margin-left: 294px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 37;"> CONSUMER CONSUMER CONSUMER CONSUMER CONSUMER <span style="display: block; height: 115px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 221px; margin-top: 26px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 272px; z-index: -11;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 407px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 41px; position: absolute; width: 99px; z-index: 41;"> <span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 41px; position: absolute; width: 123px; z-index: 42;"> consumer complaint <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 32px; margin-left: 305px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 45;"> if x find leak <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 195px; margin-top: 31px; position: absolute; width: 76px; z-index: 48;"> <span style="height: 53px; left: 0px; margin-left: 305px; margin-top: 98px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 46;"> <span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 36px; position: absolute; width: 123px; z-index: 43;"> PBA will detect leak and the problem

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 305px; margin-top: 79px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 47;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 384px; width: 1px;"><span style="height: 79px; left: 0px; margin-left: 237px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 156px; z-index: -1;"> <span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 167px; margin-top: 38px; position: absolute; width: 57px; z-index: 49;"> <span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 43px; position: absolute; width: 168px; z-index: 44;"> Repair Finish

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> **__ Water Statistics 2009 __** <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Penang <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Kedah <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Perlis <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Perak <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Kelantan <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Terengganu <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Pahang <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Selangor <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Negeri Sembilan <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Melaka <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Johor <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Sarawak <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Labuan <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -0.25in; top: 384px; width: 1px;"> · Sabah <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; margin-left: 0in; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;">

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -10000px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 384px; width: 1px;">**__Non Revenue Water (NRW) -2009__**